Izingxenye zesakhiwo zemikhiqizo yocingo nekhebula ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko zesakhiwo: ama-conductor, izendlalelo zokufaka izinto, izendlalelo zokuvikela kanye nama-sheath, kanye nezinto zokugcwalisa kanye nezinto zokubopha, njll. Ngokwezidingo zokusetshenziswa kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo, eminye imikhiqizo inezakhiwo ezilula kakhulu, enengxenye eyodwa kuphela yesakhiwo, ucingo, njengezintambo ezingenalutho eziphezu kwekhanda, izintambo ze-catenary, ama-busbars ethusi-aluminium (ama-busbars), njll. Ukufakwa kogesi kwangaphandle kwale mikhiqizo kuqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa ama-insulator kanye nebanga lesikhala ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokubekwa (okungukuthi, ngokusebenzisa ukufakwa komoya).
Iningi lemikhiqizo yezintambo nekhebula inesimo esifanayo sezingxenye (ukunganaki amaphutha okukhiqiza) futhi isesimweni semicu emide. Lokhu kunqunywa yisici sokuthi isetshenziselwa ukwakha amasekethe noma amakhoyili ezinhlelweni noma emishinini. Ngakho-ke, lapho ufunda futhi uhlaziya ukwakheka kwesakhiwo semikhiqizo yekhebula, kuyadingeka kuphela ukubheka nokuhlaziya kusukela ezigabeni zazo ezihlukene.
Okulandelayo ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kokwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula nezinto zekhebula:
1. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Umqhubi
Izintambo ziyizingxenye eziyinhloko eziyisisekelo nezibalulekile kakhulu zemikhiqizo ukuze yenze umsebenzi wokudlulisa ulwazi lwamagagasi wamanje noma kagesi. Izintambo ziyisifinyezo se-conductive core.
Yiziphi izinto ezifakiwe kuma-cable conductor? Izinto zama-conductor ngokuvamile zenziwe ngezinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous ezine-conductivity kagesi enhle kakhulu njengethusi ne-aluminium. Izintambo ze-optical ezisetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana kwe-optical athuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule noma ngaphezulu zisebenzisa imicu ye-optical njenge-conductor.
2. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Isendlalelo sokuvala
Isendlalelo sokuvikela ugesi siyingxenye emboza umngcele wentambo futhi sisebenza njengesivikelo sikagesi. Okusho ukuthi, singaqinisekisa ukuthi amaza kagesi noma kagesi adlulisiwe, amaza okukhanya ahamba kuphela ngentambo futhi awagelezi ngaphandle. Amandla kumqhubi (okungukuthi, umehluko ongaba khona owakhiwe ezintweni ezizungezile, okungukuthi, i-voltage) angahlukaniswa. Okusho ukuthi, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa kokubili umsebenzi ojwayelekile wokudlulisa wentambo kanye nokuphepha kwezinto zangaphandle kanye nabantu. Izintambo kanye nezendlalelo zokuvikela ugesi yizingxenye ezimbili eziyisisekelo okumele zibe khona ukuze zakhe imikhiqizo yekhebula (ngaphandle kwezintambo ezingenalutho).
Ziyini izinto zokuvikela izintambo: Ezintanjeni nasezintanjeni zanamuhla, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokuvikela izintambo kuwela kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezimbili: ipulasitiki nerabha. Izinto ze-polymer zivamile, okwenza kube nezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yocingo nezintambo ezifanele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kanye nezidingo zemvelo. Izinto zokuvikela ezivamile zezintambo nezintambo zifaka phakathi i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC),i-polyethylene exhumene (XLPE), ama-fluoroplastic, amakhemikhali enjoloba, amakhemikhali enjoloba e-ethylene propylene, kanye nezinto zokuvikela injoloba ye-silicone.
3. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Umgoqo
Uma kufakwa futhi kuqhutshwa imikhiqizo yezintambo nekhebula ezindaweni ezahlukene ezahlukene, kumele kube nezingxenye ezivikela umkhiqizo wonke, ikakhulukazi ungqimba lokufaka ugesi. Lona ungqimba. Ngenxa yokuthi izinto zokufaka ugesi ziyadingeka ukuze zibe nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokufaka ugesi zazo zonke izinhlobo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kudingeke ubumsulwa obuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kokungcola kwezinto. Ngokuvamile, akunakwenzeka ukucabangela amandla azo okuvikela ngokumelene nomhlaba wangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ezahlukene zokuvikela kumele zibe nesibopho sokumelana noma ukumelana namandla ahlukahlukene emishini avela ngaphandle (okungukuthi, ukufakwa, indawo yokusetshenziswa kanye nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa), ukumelana nemvelo yomoya, ukumelana namakhemikhali noma uwoyela, ukuvimbela umonakalo wezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zomlilo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yama-sheath ekhebula ukuvimbela amanzi, ukubambezeleka komlilo, ukumelana nomlilo kanye nokuvimbela ukugqwala. Imikhiqizo eminingi yekhebula eyenzelwe ngqo izindawo ezinhle zangaphandle (njengezindawo ezihlanzekile, ezomile, nezangaphakathi ezingenawo amandla angaphandle emishini), noma lezo ezinezinto zokufaka ugesi ezinamandla athile emishini kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu, zingaphila ngaphandle kwengxenye yongqimba lokuvikela.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha i-cable sheath ezikhona? Izinto eziyinhloko ze-cable sheath zifaka irabha, ipulasitiki, i-coating, i-silicone, kanye nemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-fiber, njll. Izici zesendlalelo sokuvikela irabha nepulasitiki ubumnene nokukhanya, futhi sisetshenziswa kabanzi ezintanjeni ezihambayo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba zombili izinto zerabha nepulasitiki zinezinga elithile lokungenela kwamanzi, zingasetshenziswa kuphela uma izinto ze-polymer eziphakeme ezinokumelana nomswakama okuphezulu zisetshenziswa njengokuvikela ikhebula. Abanye abasebenzisi bangase babuze ukuthi kungani ipulasitiki isetshenziswa njengesendlalelo sokuvikela emakethe? Uma kuqhathaniswa nezici ze-plastic sheath, i-raber sheaths inokuguquguquka okuphezulu, imelana nokuguga, kodwa inqubo yazo yokukhiqiza iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-plastic sheaths inezakhiwo ezingcono ze-mechanical kanye nokumelana namanzi, futhi inezinsiza eziningi, intengo iphansi futhi kulula ukuyicubungula. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa kabanzi emakethe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ontanga bemboni ukuthi kukhona olunye uhlobo lwe-mechanical sheath. I-metal sheaths ayinayo nje imisebenzi yokuvikela imishini kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokuvikela okukhulunywe ngawo ngezansi. Futhi zinezakhiwo ezifana nokumelana nokugqwala, amandla okucindezela nokuthamba, kanye nokumelana namanzi, okungavimbela umswakama nezinye izinto eziyingozi ukuthi zingangeni ngaphakathi kwe-insulation yekhebula. Ngakho-ke, zisetshenziswa kabanzi njengemigoqo yezintambo zikagesi ezifakwe ephepheni ezifakwe uwoyela ezinokumelana nomswakama okungekuhle.
4. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Isendlalelo sokuvikela
Isendlalelo sokuvikela siyingxenye ebalulekile emikhiqizweni yekhebula ukuze kufezwe ukuhlukaniswa kwensimu ye-electromagnetic. Asikwazi nje ukuvimbela izimpawu zangaphakathi ze-electromagnetic ukuthi zingaphumi futhi ziphazamise izinsimbi zangaphandle, amamitha noma eminye imigqa, kodwa futhi sivimba amaza kagesi angaphandle ukuthi angangeni ohlelweni lwekhebula ngokuhlanganisa. Ngokwesakhiwo, isendlalelo sokuvikela asigcini nje ngokusethwa ngaphandle kwekhebula kodwa futhi sikhona phakathi kwamabili noma amaqembu ezintambo ezintanjeni eziningi, zakha "izikrini zokuhlukanisa ze-electromagnetic" ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngezidingo ezikhulayo zezintambo zokuxhumana ezivame kakhulu kanye nokulwa nokuphazamiseka, izinto zokuvikela ziye zashintsha kusukela ematapini ephepha lensimbi kanye nephepha le-semiconductor kuya ezintweni ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu ezifanaamateyipu e-mylar e-foil ye-aluminium, amateyipu e-mylar e-foil yethusi, kanye namateyipu ethusi. Izakhiwo ezivamile zokuvikela zihlanganisa izendlalelo zokuvikela zangaphakathi ezenziwe ngama-polymer aqhubayo noma amateyipu e-semiconductive, kanye nezendlalelo zokuvikela zangaphandle ezifana neteyipu yethusi yokusonga isikhathi eside kanye ne-mesh yethusi elukiwe. Phakathi kwazo, ungqimba olulukiwe lusebenzisa kakhulu ithusi elifakwe ithini ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala. Ezimweni ezikhethekile zokusetshenziswa, njengezintambo zemvamisa eguquguqukayo ezisebenzisa iteyipu yethusi + i-copper wire composite shielding, izintambo zedatha ezisebenzisa i-aluminium foil longitudinal wrapping + streamline design, kanye nezintambo zezokwelapha ezidinga izendlalelo zethusi ezilukiwe zesiliva ezimbozwe kakhulu. Ngokufika kwenkathi ye-5G, isakhiwo sokuvikela esihlanganisiwe seteyipu ehlanganisiwe ye-aluminium-plastic kanye nokuluka intambo yethusi efakwe ithini sekuyisixazululo esiyinhloko sezintambo zemvamisa ephezulu. Umkhuba wemboni ubonisa ukuthi ungqimba lokuvikela luguquke kusukela esakhiweni sesengezo kuya engxenyeni eyinhloko ezimele yekhebula. Ukukhethwa kwezinto zalo kudinga ukucabangela ngokuphelele izici zemvamisa, ukusebenza kokugoba kanye nezici zezindleko ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic zezimo ezahlukene zohlelo lokusebenza.
5. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Isakhiwo esigcwalisiwe
Imikhiqizo eminingi yocingo kanye nekhebula inezinsika eziningi. Isibonelo, izintambo zikagesi eziningi ezinama-voltage aphansi ziyizintambo ezinezinsika ezine noma ezinhlanu (ezifanele izinhlelo zezigaba ezintathu), kanti izintambo zocingo zasemadolobheni ziza ngamabhangqa angu-800, amabhangqa angu-1200, amabhangqa angu-2400 kuya kumabhangqa angu-3600. Ngemva kokuba la ma-core noma amabhangqa entambo afakwe ikhebula (noma afakwe ikhebula ngamaqembu izikhathi eziningi), kunezinkinga ezimbili: enye ukuthi ukuma akusiyindilinga, kanti enye ukuthi kunezikhala ezinkulu phakathi kwama-core entambo afakwe ikhebula. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo sokugcwalisa kumele sengezwe ngesikhathi sokufaka ikhebula. Isakhiwo sokugcwalisa siwukwenza ububanzi bangaphandle bekhebula bube yindilinga, okuhambisana nokugoqwa nokukhishwa kwegobolondo, kanye nokwenza isakhiwo sekhebula siqine futhi ingaphakathi liqine. Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa (lapho welula, ucindezela futhi ugoba ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokubeka), amandla asetshenziswa ngokulinganayo ngaphandle kokulimaza isakhiwo sangaphakathi sekhebula. Ngakho-ke, yize isakhiwo sokugcwalisa siyisakhiwo esisizayo, siyadingeka futhi, futhi kunemithetho eningiliziwe ngokukhethwa kwezinto zaso kanye nokwakheka kwesimo.
Izinto zokugcwalisa ikhebula: Ngokuvamile, izigcwalisi zezintambo zifaka i-polypropylene tape, intambo ye-PP engalukiwe, intambo ye-hemp, noma izinto ezingabizi kakhulu ezenziwe ngerabha ephinde yasetshenziswa. Ukuze isetshenziswe njengento yokugcwalisa ikhebula, kumele ibe nezici zokungabangeli imiphumela emibi enkabeni yekhebula elifakwe umswakama, ingabi yi-hygroscopic ngokwayo, ingabi lula ukushwabana futhi ingagqwali.
6. Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sekhebula: Izinto eziqinile
Imikhiqizo yendabuko yocingo kanye nekhebula incike ongqimbeni lwezivikelo zesikhumba ukuze imelane namandla okudonswa kwangaphandle noma amandla okudonswa abangelwa isisindo sawo. Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ukuvikela ngeteyipu yensimbi kanye nokuvikela ngentambo yensimbi (isibonelo, ngezintambo zasemanzini, kusetshenziswa izintambo zensimbi ezijiyile ezinobubanzi obungu-8mm futhi zisontwe ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba lwezivikelo). Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuvikelwe imicu yokukhanya emandleni amancane okudonswa futhi kuvinjelwe ukuguquka okuncane kwemicu engathinta ukusebenza kokudlulisa, isakhiwo sekhebula le-optical fiber sihlonyiswe nge-cladding eyinhloko neyesibili kanye nezingxenye zamandla okudonswa ezizinikele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ikhebula le-headphone lefoni ephathekayo lithatha isakhiwo lapho ucingo lwethusi oluncane noma iteyipu yethusi elincane lizungezwe imicu ye-fiber yokwenziwa futhi ungqimba oluvikelayo lukhishwa ngaphandle, le filament ye-fiber yokwenziwa iyinto yokudonswa. Ekuphetheni, emikhiqizweni ekhethekile, emincane futhi eguquguqukayo eyenziwe eminyakeni yamuva edinga ukusetshenziswa okuningi kokugoba nokusonta, izinto zokudonswa zidlala indima enkulu.
Yiziphi izinto ezifakiwe zezingxenye zokubopha ikhebula: imichilo yensimbi, izintambo zensimbi, kanye nama-foil ensimbi engagqwali
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-25-2025