Izingxenye zesakhiwo semikhiqizo yocingo nekhebula ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezine eziyinhloko:abaqhubi, izendlalelo zokushisa, izendlalelo zokuvikela kanye nezokugcwalisa, kanye nezingxenye zokugcwalisa kanye nezinto ezithambile. Ngokwezidingo zokusetshenziswa kanye nezimo zokusetshenziswa, ezinye izakhiwo zomkhiqizo zilula kakhulu, zineziqhubi kuphela njengesakhi sesakhiwo, njengezintambo ezingenalutho eziphezu kwendlu, izintambo zenethiwekhi yokuxhumana, amabha ebhasi ethusi-aluminium (amabha ebhasi), njll. Ukufakwa kogesi kwangaphandle kwale mikhiqizo kuncike kuma-insulator ngesikhathi sokufakwa kanye nebanga lesikhala (okungukuthi, ukufakelwa komoya) ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha.
1. Abaqhubi
Ama-conductor ayizingxenye eziyisisekelo nezibalulekile kakhulu ezibhekene nokudluliswa kolwazi lwamandla kagesi noma amagagasi kagesi ngaphakathi komkhiqizo. Ama-conductor, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-conductor wire conductive, enziwe ngezinsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous ezisebenza ngogesi ophezulu njengethusi, i-aluminium, njll. Izintambo ze-fiber optic ezisetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana kwe-optical ashintsha ngokushesha eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule zisebenzisa ama-optical fibers njengaba-conductor.
2. Izendlalelo Zokuvimbela Ukushisa
Lezi zingxenye zimboza ama-conductor, zihlinzeka ngokushisa kukagesi. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaza wamanje noma kagesi/optical adluliselwayo ahamba kuphela ku-conductor hhayi ngaphandle. Izendlalelo zokushisa zigcina amandla (okungukuthi, i-voltage) ku-conductor ekuthonyeni izinto ezizungezile nokuqinisekisa kokubili umsebenzi ojwayelekile wokudlulisa womqhubi kanye nokuphepha kwangaphandle kwezinto nakubantu.
Ama-conductor kanye nezendlalelo zokufaka ugesi yizinto ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo emikhiqizweni yekhebula (ngaphandle kwezintambo ezingenalutho).
Ezimweni ezahlukene zemvelo ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokusebenza, imikhiqizo yocingo kanye nekhebula kumele ibe nezingxenye ezinikeza isivikelo, ikakhulukazi ungqimba lokuvikela. Lezi zingxenye zaziwa ngokuthi izingqimba zokuvikela.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinto zokuvikela kumele zibe nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvikela kagesi, zidinga ubumsulwa obukhulu obunokuqukethwe okuncane kokungcola. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinto ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa ngasikhathi sinye ezintweni zangaphandle (okungukuthi, amandla omshini ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokusetshenziswa, ukumelana nezimo zomkhathi, amakhemikhali, uwoyela, izinsongo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezingozi zomlilo). Lezi zidingo ziphathwa yizakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zezendlalelo zokuvikela.
Ngezintambo ezenzelwe ngqo izindawo zangaphandle ezinhle (isb., izindawo ezihlanzekile, ezomile, zangaphakathi ezingenamandla angaphandle emishini), noma ezimweni lapho izinto zesendlalelo sokuvikela ngokwazo zibonisa amandla athile emishini kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu, kungase kungabi khona sidingo sesendlalelo sokuvikela njengengxenye.
4. Ukuvikela
Kuyingxenye emikhiqizweni yekhebula ehlukanisa insimu ye-electromagnetic ngaphakathi kwekhebula kusuka ezinkambini ze-electromagnetic zangaphandle. Ngisho naphakathi kwama-wire pair noma amaqembu ahlukene ngaphakathi kwemikhiqizo yekhebula, ukuhlukaniswa okuhlangene kuyadingeka. Isendlalelo sokuvikela singachazwa ngokuthi "isikrini sokuhlukaniswa kwe-electromagnetic."
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi imboni ibheka ungqimba lokuvikela njengengxenye yesakhiwo sengqimba yokuvikela. Kodwa-ke, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kufanele lubhekwe njengengxenye ehlukile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umsebenzi wengqimba yokuvikela awugcini nje ngokuhlukanisa ulwazi oludluliselwa ngaphakathi komkhiqizo wekhebula ngogesi, ukuvimbela ukuthi lungavuzi noma lubangele ukuphazamiseka kwezinsimbi zangaphandle noma eminye imigqa, kodwa futhi nokuvimbela amaza kagesi angaphandle ukuthi angangeni kumkhiqizo wekhebula ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-electromagnetic. Lezi zidingo zihlukile emisebenzini yengqimba yokuvikela yendabuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungqimba lokuvikela alugcini nje ngokusethwa ngaphandle kumkhiqizo kodwa futhi lubekwa phakathi kwentambo ngayinye noma amabhangqa amaningi kukhebula. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ngenxa yentuthuko esheshayo yezinhlelo zokudlulisa ulwazi ezisebenzisa izintambo nezintambo, kanye nenani elikhulayo lemithombo yokuphazamiseka kwamaza kagesi emoyeni, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ezivikelwe zanda. Ukuqonda ukuthi ungqimba lokuvikela luyingxenye eyisisekelo yemikhiqizo yekhebula sekwamukelwe kabanzi.
Imikhiqizo eminingi yocingo kanye nekhebula inezinsika eziningi, njengezintambo zikagesi eziningi ezinama-voltage aphansi eziyizintambo ezinezinsika ezine noma ezinhlanu (ezifanele izinhlelo zezigaba ezintathu), kanye nezintambo zocingo zasemadolobheni ezisukela kuma-pair angu-800 kuya kuma-pair angu-3600. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa la ma-core afakwe umoya noma ama-pair entambo abe yintambo (noma ukuqoqana kaningi), kukhona izimo ezingajwayelekile kanye nezikhala ezinkulu phakathi kwama-core afakwe umoya noma ama-pair entambo. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo sokugcwalisa kumele sifakwe ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwekhebula. Inhloso yalesi sakhiwo ukugcina ububanzi bangaphandle obufanayo ekugoqeni, okwenza kube lula ukugoqa kanye nokukhipha isheya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwekhebula kanye nobuqotho besakhiwo sangaphakathi, kusabalalisa amandla ngokulinganayo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa (ukwelula, ukucindezela, kanye nokugoba ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokubeka) ukuvimbela umonakalo esakhiweni sangaphakathi sekhebula.
Ngakho-ke, yize isakhiwo sokugcwalisa singesesekelo, siyadingeka. Kunemithethonqubo eningiliziwe mayelana nokukhethwa kwezinto kanye nokwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo.
Imikhiqizo yendabuko yocingo kanye nekhebula ivame ukuthembela kungqimba oluvikelwe lwengqimba yokuvikela ukuze imelane namandla okudonswa kwangaphandle noma ukucindezeleka okubangelwa isisindo sazo. Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zifaka phakathi ukuvikela ngeteyipu yensimbi kanye nokuvikela ngeteyipu yensimbi (njengokusebenzisa izintambo zensimbi ezinobukhulu obungu-8mm, ezisontelwe zibe ungqimba oluvikelwe, kumakhebula angaphansi kwamanzi). Kodwa-ke, kumakhebula e-optical fiber, ukuvikela i-fiber emandleni amancane okudonswa, ukugwema noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okuncane okungathinta ukusebenza kokudlulisa, izembozo eziyinhloko nezesibili kanye nezingxenye ezikhethekile zokudonswa kufakwa esakhiweni sekhebula. Isibonelo, kumakhebula e-headset efoni ephathekayo, intambo yethusi encane noma i-tape yethusi encane eboshwe eduze kwe-fiber yokwenziwa ikhishwa ngengqimba yokuvikela, lapho i-fiber yokwenziwa isebenza njengengxenye yokudonswa. Sekukonke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo ekhethekile emincane neguquguqukayo edinga ukugoba okuningi nokusontwa, izinto zokudonswa zidlala indima ebalulekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 19-2023