Enkathini yobuchwepheshe besathelayithi obuthuthuka kakhulu, iqiniso elivame ukunganakwa ukuthi ngaphezu kwama-99% ethrafikhi yedatha yamazwe ngamazwe ayidluliswa ngesikhala, kodwa ngezintambo ze-fiber-optic ezigqitshwe phansi kolwandle. Le nethiwekhi yezintambo zasemanzini, ezithatha izigidi zamakhilomitha sezizonke, iyisisekelo sangempela sedijithali esisekela i-inthanethi yomhlaba wonke, ukuhweba ngezezimali, kanye nokuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngemuva kwalokhu kukhona ukwesekwa okumangalisayo kobuchwepheshe bezinto zekhebula ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
1. Kusukela ku-Terabits kuya ku-Terabits: Ukuvela Okumangalisayo Kwezintambo Zangaphansi Kolwandle
Umlando wezintambo zasolwandle ungumlando wesifiso somuntu sokuxhumanisa umhlaba, kanye nomlando wokusungula izinto ezintsha ezintweni zezintambo.
Ngo-1850, ikhebula lokuqala le-telegraph elingaphansi kolwandle lafakwa ngempumelelo elixhumanisa iDover, e-UK, kanye neCalais, eFrance. Ingaphakathi lalo kwakuyintambo yethusi, egqunywe nge-gutta-percha yerabha yemvelo, okubonisa isinyathelo sokuqala ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zekhebula.
Ngo-1956, ikhebula lokuqala locingo elidlula i-Atlantic (TAT-1) lasetshenziswa, okwafeza ukuxhumana ngezwi phakathi kwezwekazi futhi kwaphakamisa izidingo eziphakeme zezinto zokuvikela kanye nezinto zokubopha.
Ngo-1988, ikhebula lokuqala le-transatlantic fiber-optic (TAT-8) lasungulwa, okwaphawula ukwenyuka kwamandla okuxhumana kanye nesivinini, futhi kwavula isahluko sesizukulwane esisha sezakhi zekhebula nezinto ezivimba amanzi.
Namuhla, kunezintambo ze-fiber-optic ezingaphezu kuka-400 zasolwandle ezakha inethiwekhi ejulile exhumanisa wonke amazwekazi. Yonke intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ibilokhu ingenakuhlukaniswa nokusungulwa okusha kwezinto zekhebula kanye nomklamo wesakhiwo, ikakhulukazi impumelelo ezintweni ze-polymer kanye nama-cable compounds akhethekile.
2. Isimangaliso Sobunjiniyela: Isakhiwo Esinembile kanye Nezinto Eziyinhloko Zekhebula Lamakhebula Aselwandle Olujulile
Ikhebula lesimanje elibonakalayo lolwandle olujulile aliyona neze "intambo" elula; liyisistimu ehlanganisiwe enezingqimba eziningi eyenzelwe ukumelana nezimo ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuthembeka kwayo okumangalisayo kuvela ekuvikelweni okunembile okunikezwa ungqimba ngalunye lwezinto ezikhethekile zekhebula.
I-Optical Fiber Core: I-Optical Fiber Core iwukudluliswa kwesignali ye-optical okuyinhloko; ubumsulwa bayo bunquma ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa kanye nomthamo.
Isivikelo Esivaliwe kanye Nomgoqo Wamanzi: Ngaphandle kwengaphakathi kunezendlalelo eziningi eziqondile zokuvikela.Itheyiphu Yokuvimba Amanzi, Intambo Yokuvimba Amanzi, kanye nezinye izinto ezivimba amanzi zakha isithiyo esiqinile, okuqinisekisa ukuthi noma ikhebula lomkhumbi-ngwenya lonakele ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yolwandle olujulile, ukungena kwamanzi okude kuyavinjelwa, okuhlukanisa indawo yephutha endaweni encane kakhulu. Lobu ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhebula lihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukufakwa Kwezinto Ezivikelayo Nesivikelo: Kwakhiwe ngamakhemikhali akhethekile okufakwa kwezinto ezivikelayo kanye namakhemikhali okufakwa kwezinto ezivikelayo njenge-High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE). Lawa makhemikhali ekhebula ahlinzeka ngokufakwa kwezinto ezivikelayo kukagesi okuhle kakhulu (ukuvimbela ukuvuza kombane wamandla aphezulu osetshenziselwa ukuphakelwa kwamandla kude kuma-repeaters), amandla omshini, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, okusebenza njengomugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela ekugqwaleni kwamakhemikhali emanzini olwandle kanye nokucindezela kolwandle olujulile. I-HDPE sheathing compound iyinto emele i-polymer yezinhlelo ezinjalo.
Isendlalelo Sesivikelo Samandla: Sakhiwe ngezintambo zensimbi ezinamandla aphezulu, sinikeza amandla omshini adingekayo ukuze ikhebula lomkhumbi-ngwenya likwazi ukumelana nokucindezeleka okukhulu kolwandle olujulile, umthelela wamanzi olwandle, kanye nokungqubuzana kolwandle.
Njengomhlinzeki ochwepheshe wezinto zekhebula ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, siyaqonda ngokujulile ukubaluleka okubalulekile kokukhetha ungqimba ngalunye lwezinto zekhebula. I-Water Blocking Tape, i-Mica Tape, izinto zokufaka umswakama, kanye nezinto zokufaka uthango esizihlinzekayo zenzelwe ngokunembile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwale "mthambo wedijithali" esikhathini sokuphila kwayo sokuklama seminyaka engama-25 noma ngaphezulu.
3. Umphumela Ongabonakali: Itshe Lesisekelo Lomhlaba Wedijithali kanye Nokukhathazeka
Izintambo ze-fiber-optic zangaphansi kolwandle zishintshe ngokuphelele umhlaba, zenza kube lula ukuxhumana okusheshayo komhlaba wonke futhi zathuthukisa umnotho wedijithali. Kodwa-ke, inani lazo lamasu liletha nezinselele mayelana nokuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, okuletha izidingo ezintsha zobungane bemvelo kanye nokulandeleka kwezinto zekhebula.
Ukuvikeleka Nokuqina: Njengengqalasizinda ebalulekile, ukuvikeleka kwabo okungokwenyama kuthola ukunakwa okukhulu, kuncike ezintweni eziqinile kanye nesakhiwo.
Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wezemvelo: Kusukela ekubekweni nasekusebenzeni kuze kube yilapho kutholakala kabusha, wonke umjikelezo wokuphila kumele unciphise umthelela ohlelweni lwemvelo lwasolwandle. Ukuthuthukisa ama-cable compounds anobungani nemvelo kanye nezinto ze-polymer ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe sekuyinto evunyelwene ngayo embonini.
4. Isiphetho: Ukuxhumanisa Ikusasa, Izinto Ezibalulekile Ziyahola Indlela
Izintambo zangaphansi kolwandle ziyimpumelelo evelele yobunjiniyela babantu. Ngemuva kwale mpumelelo kulele ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe ezintweni zokwakha. Ngokukhula okukhulu kwethrafikhi yedatha yomhlaba wonke, izidingo zomthamo wokudlulisa ophezulu, ukuthembeka, kanye nesikhathi sokuphila kwezintambo zangaphansi kolwandle ziyanda, okukhomba ngqo isidingo sesizukulwane esisha sezinto zekhebula ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Sizibophezele ekubambisaneni nabalingani bokukhiqiza izintambo ukuze sicwaninge, sithuthukise, futhi sikhiqize izinto zekhebula ezinobungani nemvelo, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu (kufaka phakathi izinto zekhebula ezibalulekile njenge-Water Blocking Tape, izinto zokufaka umswakama, kanye nezinto zokufaka uthango), sisebenzisana ukuvikela ukugeleza okubushelelezi kanye nokuphepha komzila wokuphila wedijithali womhlaba wonke, kanye nokufaka isandla ekusaseni elixhumene kakhulu nelizinzile. Emkhakheni oyisisekelo wezinto zekhebula, siqhubeka nokuqhuba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-23-2025