Isivikelo esisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yezintambo nezintambo sinemibono emibili ehluke ngokuphelele: isivikelo sikagesi kanye nesivikelo sensimu kagesi. Isivikelo sikagesi senzelwe ukuvimbela izintambo ezithumela izimpawu zemvamisa ephezulu (njengezintambo ze-RF kanye nezintambo zikagesi) ekubangeleni ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle noma ukuvimba amaza kagesi angaphandle ekuphazamiseni izintambo ezidlulisa imisinga ebuthakathaka (njengezintambo zesignali noma zokulinganisa), kanye nokunciphisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezintambo. Isivikelo sensimu kagesi senzelwe ukulinganisela insimu kagesi enamandla ebusweni bomqhubi noma ebusweni bokufudumeza izintambo zikagesi eziphakathi neziphezulu.
1. Isakhiwo kanye Nezidingo Zezingqimba Zokuvikela Insimu Kagesi
Ukuvikela izintambo zikagesi kuhlanganisa ukuvikela i-conductor, ukuvikela ukuvikela, kanye nokuvikela insimbi. Ngokwezindinganiso ezifanele, izintambo ezine-voltage elinganisiwe engaphezu kuka-0.6/1kV kufanele zibe nesendlalelo sokuvikela sensimbi, esingasetshenziswa ku-core ngayinye ethintekile noma ku-core yekhebula ene-multi-core stranded. Kuzintambo ezine-XLPE-insulated ezine-voltage elinganisiwe engaphansi kuka-3.6/6kV kanye ne-EPR thin-insulated ezine-voltage elinganisiwe engaphansi kuka-3.6/6kV (noma izintambo ezine-thick-insulated ezine-voltage elinganisiwe engaphansi kuka-6/10kV), izakhiwo zokuvikela ezingaphakathi nezangaphandle ezisebenzisa i-semi-conductive nazo ziyadingeka.
(1) Ukuvikela Umqhubi kanye Nokuvikela Ukushisa
Ukuvikela umqhubi (ukuvikela kwangaphakathi okuhambisa kancane) kufanele kungabi okwensimbi, okuhlanganisa izinto ezikhipha kancane ezihambisa kancane noma iteyipu ehambisa kancane ezungezwe umqhubi elandelwa ungqimba olukhipha kancane oluhambisa kancane.
Ukuvikela ukuvikela (ukuvikela okungaphandle okuhambisa kancane) ungqimba olungenawo ugesi oluphuma ngqo ebusweni bangaphandle bomgogodla ngamunye ovalekile, olungaboshwa ngokuqinile noma lususwe ekuvuthweni. Izendlalelo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezihambisa kancane kufanele ziboshwe ngokuqinile ekuvuthweni, zibe nezixhumi ezibushelelezi, kungabi namamaki entambo asobala, futhi kungabi namaphethelo abukhali, izinhlayiya, amamaki okushisa, noma imihuzuko. Ukumelana ngaphambi nangemva kokuguga akufanele kudlule u-1000 Ω·m wezendlalelo zokuvikela umqhubi kanye no-500 Ω·m wezendlalelo zokuvikela ukuvikela.
Izinto zokuvikela ezingaphakathi nezingaphandle ezisebenzisa ugesi zenziwa ngokuxuba izinto zokuvikela ezihambisanayo (njenge-polyethylene exhumene, irabha ye-ethylene-propylene, njll.) ne-carbon black, ama-antioxidants, i-ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, nezinye izithasiselo. Izinhlayiya ezimnyama ze-carbon kufanele zihlakazeke ngokulinganayo ngaphakathi kwe-polymer, ngaphandle kokuhlangana noma ukuhlakazeka okubi.
Ubukhulu bezingqimba zokuvikela ezingaphakathi nezingaphandle ezisebenzisa ugesi buyanda ngokwezinga le-voltage. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla ensimu kagesi kungqimba lokufaka ugesi aphezulu ngaphakathi nangaphansi ngaphandle, ubukhulu bezingqimba zokuvikela ezisebenzisa ugesi kufanele bube bukhulu ngaphakathi kunangaphandle. Esikhathini esidlule, ukuvikela okungaphandle okusebenzisa ugesi kwakwenziwa kube kukhulu kancane kunokwangaphakathi ukuvimbela imihuzuko ngenxa yokulawulwa okungekuhle kokugoba noma ukubhoboka okubangelwa amateyipu ethusi aqinile kakhulu. Manje, ngokuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kokugoba okuku-inthanethi kanye namateyipu ethusi athambile afakwe ugesi, ungqimba lokuvikela olusebenzisa ugesi olusebenzisa ugesi kufanele lwenziwe lube lukhulu kancane noma lulingane nongqimba lwangaphandle. Ngezintambo ezingu-6–10–35 kV, ubukhulu bezingqimba zangaphakathi ngokuvamile bungu-0.5–0.6–0.8 mm.
(2) Ukuvikela Ngensimbi
Amakhebula ane-voltage elinganisiwe engaphezu kuka-0.6/1kV kufanele abe nesendlalelo sokuvikela sensimbi. Isendlalelo sokuvikela sensimbi kufanele sisetshenziswe ku-core ngayinye evikelwe noma ku-core yekhebula. Ukuvikela kwensimbi kufanele kube ne-tape eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yensimbi, ama-braids ensimbi, izendlalelo eziqinile zezintambo zensimbi, noma inhlanganisela yezintambo zensimbi nama-tape ensimbi.
EYurophu nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zesekethe ezimbili ezisekelwe ukumelana ezinezinsika ezimfushane eziphakeme, ukuvikela izintambo zethusi kuvame ukusetshenziswa. Abanye abakhiqizi bafaka izintambo zethusi esigxotsheni sokuhlukanisa noma esigxotsheni sangaphandle ukuze banciphise ububanzi bekhebula. EShayina, ngaphandle kwamanye amaphrojekthi abalulekile asebenzisa izinhlelo zesekethe ezimbili ezisekelwe ukumelana, izinhlelo eziningi zisebenzisa izinsiza zamandla zesekethe eyodwa ezisekelwe i-arc-suppression coil, ezikhawulela umkhawulo wamanje wesekethe esifushane, ngakho-ke ukuvikela i-copper tape kungasetshenziswa. Izimboni zekhebula zicubungula amathephu ethusi aqinile athengiwe ngokuwasika nokuwafaka ukuze kufezwe ukunwebeka okuthile kanye namandla okudonsa (okuqinile kakhulu kuzoklwebha ungqimba lokuvikela ukufakelwa, okuthambile kakhulu kuzoshwabana) ngaphambi kokusebenzisa. Amathephu ethusi athambile kufanele ahambisane ne-GB/T11091-2005 Copper Tape yamakhebula.
Ukuvikela i-copper tape kufanele kube ungqimba olulodwa lwe-copper tape ethambile ehlanganisiwe noma izendlalelo ezimbili ze-copper tape ethambile egoqwe nge-helical enezikhala. Izinga elijwayelekile lokugqagqana kwe-copper tape kufanele libe ngu-15% wobubanzi bayo (inani elijwayelekile), kanti izinga eliphansi lokugqagqana akufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-5%. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile be-copper tape kufanele okungenani bube ngu-0.12 mm wezintambo ezine-single-core kanye no-0.10 mm wezintambo ezine-multi-core. Ubukhulu obuncane be-copper tape akufanele bube ngaphansi kuka-90% wenani elijwayelekile. Kuye ngobubanzi bangaphandle be-insulation shielding (≤25 mm noma >25 mm), ububanzi be-copper tape ngokuvamile bungu-30–35 mm.
Ukuvikela ucingo lwethusi kwenziwa ngezintambo zethusi ezithambile eziboshwe nge-helical, eziboshwe nge-counter-helical wrapping yezintambo zethusi noma amatheyiphu ethusi. Ukumelana kwayo kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ze-GB/T3956-2008 Conductors of Cables, futhi indawo yayo ejwayelekile kufanele inqunywe ngokuya ngomthamo wamanje wephutha. Ukuvikela ucingo lwethusi kungasetshenziswa phezu kwe-sheath yangaphakathi yezintambo ezintathu noma ngqo phezu kwe-insulation, ungqimba lwangaphandle lwe-semi-conductive shielding, noma i-sheath yangaphakathi efanele yezintambo ze-single-core. Igebe elimaphakathi phakathi kwezintambo zethusi eziseduze akufanele lidlule u-4 mm. Igebe elimaphakathi u-G libalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula:
kuphi:
D - ububanzi be-core yekhebula ngaphansi kwesivikelo sentambo yethusi, ngo-mm;
d – ububanzi bentambo yethusi, ngo-mm;
n – inani lezintambo zethusi.
2. Indima Yezendlalelo Zokuvikela Nobudlelwano Bazo Namazinga E-Voltage
(1) Indima Yokuvikela Okungaphakathi Nokwangaphandle Okungacubunguli
Ama-cable conductor ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa ngezintambo eziningi ezivalekile. Ngesikhathi sokukhipha i-insulation, kungase kube nezikhala, ama-burrs, nokunye ukungahambi kahle kobuso phakathi kobuso bomqhubi kanye nesendlalelo sokufaka i-insulation, okubangela ukugcwala kwensimu kagesi, okuholela ekukhishweni kwesikhala somoya sendawo kanye nokukhishwa kwezihlahla, kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-dielectric. Ngokukhipha ungqimba lwezinto ezihambisa i-semi-conductive (ukuvikela i-conductor) phezu kobuso bomqhubi, kuqinisekisa ukuthintana okuqinile ne-insulation. Ngenxa yokuthi ungqimba oluhambisa i-semi-conductive kanye ne-conductor kunamandla afanayo, noma ngabe kunezikhala phakathi kwazo, ngeke kube khona isenzo sensimu kagesi, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukukhishwa kwengxenye.
Ngokufanayo, kunezikhala phakathi kobuso bokufudumeza bangaphandle kanye ne-metallic sheath (noma i-metallic shielding), futhi uma izinga le-voltage liphakeme, amathuba okuba khona kokuphuma kwesikhala somoya ayanda. Ngokukhipha ungqimba oluhamba kancane (i-insulation shielding) ebusweni bokufudumeza bangaphandle, kwakheka ubuso obungaphandle obuhambisana ne-metallic sheath, kususwa amasimu kagesi ezikhaleni futhi kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa okungaphelele.
(2) Indima Yokuvikela Insimbi
Imisebenzi yokuvikela ngensimbi ihlanganisa: ukuthwala ugesi okwazi ukuthwala amandla ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, okusebenza njengendlela yogesi ojikelezayo ngesikhathi samaphutha; ukuvala insimu kagesi ngaphakathi kokufakwa kokushisa (ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic yangaphandle) nokuqinisekisa insimu kagesi ejikelezayo efanayo; esebenza njengomugqa ongathathi hlangothi ezinhlelweni zezintambo ezine zesigaba ezintathu ukuze kuthwalwe ugesi ongalingani; kanye nokunikeza isivikelo sokuvimbela amanzi e-radial.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-28-2025