Ezinhlelweni zamandla zanamuhla, izintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu zidlala indima ebalulekile. Kusukela kumagridi kagesi angaphansi komhlaba emadolobheni kuya emigqeni yokudlulisa ebangeni elide ezintabeni nasemifuleni, izintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu ziqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwamandla kagesi okusebenzayo, okuzinzile nokuphephile. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene obuhlobene nezintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu, okuhlanganisa isakhiwo sazo, ukuhlukaniswa, inqubo yokukhiqiza, izici zokusebenza, ukufakwa kanye nokugcinwa kwazo.
1. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu
Izintambo zikagesi ophezulu zakhiwe kakhulu ngama-conductor, izendlalelo zokushisa, izendlalelo zokuvikela kanye nezendlalelo zokuvikela.
Umqhubi uyisiteshi sokudlulisa ugesi futhi ngokuvamile wenziwe ngethusi noma i-aluminium. Ithusi linomoya omuhle wokudlulisa ugesi kanye nokuguquguquka, kuyilapho i-aluminium ishibhile futhi inesisindo esincane. Laba baqhubi ngokuvamile basesimweni sezintambo ezisontekile ezinezintambo eziningi ukuze kwandiswe ukuguquguquka.
Ingqimba yokushisa iyingxenye ebalulekile yekhebula elinamandla aphezulu, elidlala indima ekuvimbeleni ukuvuza kwamanje nokuhlukanisa umqhubi ezweni langaphandle. Izinto ezivamile zokushisa zifaka i-polyethylene exhunywe nge-cross-linked (XLPE), iphepha likawoyela, njll. I-XLPE inezakhiwo zikagesi ezinhle kakhulu, ukumelana nokushisa kanye namandla omshini, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ezintanjeni zanamuhla ezinamandla aphezulu.
Ingqimba yokuvikela ihlukaniswe yaba ukuvikela kwangaphakathi kanye nokuvikela kwangaphandle. Isivikelo sangaphakathi sisetshenziselwa ukwenza insimu kagesi ifane futhi sivimbele ukuphuma kwendawo ekulimazeni ungqimba lokuvikela; isivikelo sangaphandle singanciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwensimu kagesi yangaphandle kukhebula, futhi sivimbele ikhebula ekubeni nomthelela kagesi emhlabeni wangaphandle.
Ingqimba yokuvikela ivikela kakhulu ikhebula ekulimaleni yizici zangaphandle njengomonakalo wemishini, ukugqwala kwamakhemikhali kanye nokungena kwamanzi. Ngokuvamile yakhiwa yisivikelo sensimbi kanye nesivikelo sangaphandle. Isivikelo sensimbi singanikeza amandla emishini, kanti isivikelo sangaphandle sinemisebenzi yokuvimbela amanzi nokungagqwali.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu
Ngokwezinga le-voltage, izintambo ze-voltage ephezulu zingahlukaniswa zibe izintambo ze-voltage ephakathi (ngokuvamile i-3-35kV), izintambo ze-voltage ephezulu (35-110kV), izintambo ze-voltage ephezulu (110-500kV) kanye nezintambo ze-voltage ephezulu (ngaphezu kwe-500kV). Izintambo zamazinga ahlukene e-voltage ziyahlukahluka ngokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, izidingo zokushisa, njll.
Ngokombono wezinto zokuvikela ukushisa, ngaphezu kwezintambo ze-XLPE kanye nezintambo zephepha likawoyela okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, kukhona nezintambo zerabha ze-ethylene-propylene. Izintambo zephepha likawoyela zinomlando omude, kodwa ngenxa yezindleko zazo eziphezulu zokulungisa nezinye izizathu, ziye zathathelwa indawo kancane kancane yizintambo ze-XLPE. Ikhebula lerabha le-ethylene propylene linokuguquguquka okuhle kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu, futhi lifanelekela eminye imicimbi ekhethekile.
3. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ikhebula elinamandla aphezulu
Ukukhiqizwa kwekhebula elinamandla aphezulu kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebucayi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-conductor kuqala kudinga ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa zethusi noma ze-aluminium zelulwe, zisontwe kanye nezinye izinqubo ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kobukhulu kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zomqhubi. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokusonta, imicu yemicu kumele ihlelwe eduze ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhanjiswa komqhubi.
Ukukhishwa kwesendlalelo sokufaka ugesi kungenye yezinyathelo ezibalulekile. Kwesendlalelo sokufaka ugesi se-XLPE, izinto ze-XLPE zikhishwa ekushiseni okuphezulu futhi ziboshwe ngokulinganayo kumqhubi. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha ugesi, imingcele efana nokushisa, ingcindezi kanye nesivinini sokukhipha ugesi kumele ilawulwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kanye nokufana kobukhulu besendlalelo sokufaka ugesi.
Ingqimba yokuvikela imvamisa yenziwa ngokuluka ucingo lwensimbi noma ukugoqa ngetheyiphu yensimbi. Izinqubo zokukhiqiza zezihlangu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zihlukile kancane, kodwa zombili zidinga ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bengqimba yokuvikela kanye nokuxhumeka okuhle kukagesi.
Okokugcina, ukukhiqizwa kwesendlalelo sokuvikela kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwesembatho sensimbi kanye nokukhishwa kwesembatho sangaphandle. Isembatho sensimbi kufanele silingane kahle nekhebula, kanti ukukhishwa kwesembatho sangaphandle kufanele kuqinisekise ukubukeka okubushelelezi ngaphandle kweziphambeko ezifana nama-bubbles kanye nemifantu.
4. Izici zokusebenza kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu
Ngokusebenza kukagesi, izintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu kudingeka zibe nokumelana okuphezulu kokushisa, ukulahlekelwa yi-dielectric okuphansi kanye nokumelana okuhle kwe-voltage. Ukumelana okuphezulu kokushisa kungavimbela ngempumelelo ukuvuza kwamanje, ukulahlekelwa yi-dielectric okuphansi kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kagesi ngesikhathi sokudlulisa, kanye nokumelana okuhle kwe-voltage kuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhebula lingasebenza ngokuphephile endaweni enamandla aphezulu.
Ngokuphathelene nezakhiwo zemishini, ikhebula kufanele libe namandla anele okubamba, irediyasi yokugoba kanye nokumelana nokushayisana. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa nokusebenza, ikhebula lingase libhekane nokunwebeka, ukugoba kanye nokushayisana kwamandla angaphandle. Uma izakhiwo zemishini zinganele, kulula ukudala umonakalo wekhebula.
Ukusebenza kokushisa nakho kuyisici esibalulekile. Ikhebula lizokhiqiza ukushisa ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ikakhulukazi uma lisebenza ngaphansi komthwalo omkhulu. Ngakho-ke, ikhebula kudingeka libe nokumelana okuhle nokushisa futhi likwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokushisa ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezifana nokuguga kokushisa. Ikhebula le-XLPE linokumelana okuhle nokushisa futhi lingasebenza isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
5. Ukufakwa nokugcinwa kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu
Ngokuphathelene nokufakwa, into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ukuhlela indlela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indlela yokufaka ikhebula ifanelekile futhi iphephile. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka, kufanele kuqashelwe ukugwema ukwelula ngokweqile, ukugoba kanye nokukhipha ikhebula. Ekufakeni ikhebula ibanga elide, imishini efana nemishini yokuthutha ikhebula ivame ukusetshenziswa ukusiza ekwakheni.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamajoyinti ekhebula kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile enqubweni yokufaka. Ikhwalithi yejoyinti ithinta ngqo ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwekhebula. Lapho kwenziwa amajoyinti, ikhebula lidinga ukukhunyulwa, ukuhlanzwa, ukuxhunywa nokugqunywa. Isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga ukwenziwa ngokuqinile ngokuhambisana nezidingo zenqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zikagesi nezemishini zejoyinti ziyahlangabezana nezidingo.
Umsebenzi wokulungisa ubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kungabona ngokushesha ukuthi ukubukeka kwekhebula konakele noma igobolondo lonakele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, eminye imishini yokuhlola ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukusebenza kokushisa kanye nokukhishwa kwengxenye yekhebula. Uma kutholakala izinkinga, kufanele zilungiswe noma zishintshwe ngesikhathi.
6. Ukwehluleka nokutholakala kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu
Ukwehluleka okuvamile kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu kufaka phakathi ukuphuka kokufakwa kokushisa, ukunqamuka komqhubi, kanye nokwehluleka kwamalunga. Ukuphuka kokufakwa kokushisa kungabangelwa ukuguga kokufakwa kokushisa, ukukhishwa kwengxenye, noma ukugqama kwamandla angaphandle. Ukunqamuka komqhubi kuvame ukubangelwa amandla angaphandle omshini noma ukugcwala ngokweqile kwesikhathi eside. Ukwehluleka kwamalunga kungabangelwa inqubo embi yokukhiqiza amalunga noma ukushisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Ukuze kutholakale la maphutha, kunezindlela eziningi zokuthola. Ukuthola ukukhishwa okungaphelele kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngokuthola isignali ekhiqizwa ukukhishwa okungaphelele kukhebula, kungatholakala ukuthi kukhona yini amaphutha okushisa ngaphakathi kwekhebula. Ukuhlolwa kwe-standing voltage kungabona amandla e-standing voltage ekhebula futhi kuthole izinkinga zokushisa ezingaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula izithombe zokushisa kwe-infrared bungathola ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa ebusweni bekhebula, ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ikhebula linezinkinga ezifana nokushisa ngokweqile kwendawo.
7. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nomkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu ezinhlelweni zamandla
Ezinhlelweni zikagesi, izintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuguqulweni kwegridi yamandla yasemadolobheni, izintambo eziphumayo zeziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu, ukudluliswa kwekhebula lemikhumbi-ngwenya kanye nezinye izinkambu. Ezindaweni zikagesi zasemadolobheni, ngenxa yesikhala esincane, ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo ezingaphansi komhlaba kungonga isikhala futhi kuthuthukise ubuhle bedolobha. Izintambo eziphumayo zeziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo zikagesi ezinamandla aphezulu ukudlulisa ugesi eziteshini ezincane ezikude. Ukudluliswa kwekhebula lemikhumbi-ngwenya kungaletha ukudluliswa kwamandla olwandle futhi kuhlinzeke ngokunikezwa kwamandla okuzinzile eziqhingini nasezindaweni ezisogwini.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bamandla, izintambo ezinamandla aphezulu nazo zibonise izitayela ezithile zokuthuthukiswa. Enye ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezintambo ezinamazinga aphezulu kagesi. Njengoba ukwanda kwesidingo sokudluliselwa kwamandla akude, ukuthuthukiswa kwezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu kuzoba yinto ebalulekile. Okwesibili ukuhlakanipha kwezintambo. Ngokuhlanganisa izinzwa neminye imishini kukhebula, ukuqapha isimo sokusebenza kwekhebula ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nesixwayiso samaphutha kungafinyelelwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwekhebula. Okwesithathu ukuthuthukiswa kwezintambo ezinobungani nemvelo. Njengoba izidingo zabantu zokuvikelwa kwemvelo zanda, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zekhebula ezingangcoliswanga kahle, ezingaphinde zisetshenziswe kuzoba yisiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-24-2024