Ekufakweni kwemishini kagesi kanye nemishini yezimboni, ukukhetha uhlobo olungalungile “lwekhebula elinamandla aphezulu” noma “ikhebula elinamandla aphansi” kungaholela ekwahlulekeni kwemishini, ukucima kukagesi, kanye nokumiswa kokukhiqiza, noma ngisho nezingozi zokuphepha ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi banokuqonda okujulile komehluko wesakhiwo phakathi kwalokhu okubili futhi bavame ukukhetha ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho noma “ukonga izindleko”, okuholela emaphutheni aphindaphindwayo. Ukukhetha ikhebula elingalungile kungase kungabangela ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini kuphela kodwa futhi kudale nezingozi zokuphepha ezingaba khona. Namuhla, ake sixoxe ngomehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwayo kanye “nezingibe” ezintathu ezinkulu okumele uzigweme ngesikhathi sokukhetha.
1. Ukuhlaziywa Kwesakhiwo: Amakhebula Ane-Voltage Ephakeme vs Ane-Voltage Ephansi
Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi, “Izintambo zikagesi ophezulu zimane nje ziyizintambo zikagesi eziphansi ezijiyile,” kodwa empeleni, imiklamo yazo yesakhiwo inomehluko oyisisekelo, futhi ungqimba ngalunye luhambisana kahle nezinga likagesi. Ukuze uqonde umehluko, qala ngezincazelo “zikagesi eziphezulu” kanye “nezikagesi eziphansi”:
Amakhebula ane-voltage ephansi: I-voltage ekalwe ≤ 1 kV (ngokuvamile i-0.6/1 kV), esetshenziswa kakhulu ekusabalaliseni izakhiwo kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla kwemishini emincane;
Izintambo zikagesi eziphezulu: I-voltage ekalwe ≥ 1 kV (ngokuvamile i-6 kV, 10 kV, 35 kV, 110 kV), esetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ugesi, iziteshi ezincane, kanye nemishini emikhulu yezimboni.
(1) Umqhubi: Akuyona “Enkulu” Kodwa “Okubalulekile Ukuhlanzeka”
Ama-conductor ekhebula ane-voltage ephansi ngokuvamile enziwa ngezintambo zethusi ezincane ezinezintambo eziningi (isb., izintambo ezingu-19 ezintanjeni ze-BV), ikakhulukazi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo "zomthamo wokuthwala ugesi";
Ama-cable conductor ane-voltage ephezulu, yize ebuye abe yithusi noma i-aluminium, anobumsulwa obuphezulu (≥99.95%) futhi asebenzisa inqubo "yokugoqa okuzungezile okuqinile" (ukunciphisa izikhala) ukuze kwehliswe ukumelana kobuso bomqhubi futhi kwehliswe "umphumela wesikhumba" ngaphansi kwe-voltage ephezulu (ugesi ugxila ebusweni bomqhubi, okubangela ukushisa).
(2) Isendlalelo Sokuvimbela Ukushisa: Umgogodla “Wokuvikelwa Kwezingqimba Eziningi” Zezintambo Ezinamandla Aphezulu
Izendlalelo zokufakwa kwekhebula ezinomthamo ophansi zincane kakhulu (isb., ubukhulu bokufakwa kwekhebula okungu-0.6/1 kV ~3.4 mm), ikakhulukazi i-PVC nomaI-XLPE, ikakhulukazi okusebenza “ukuhlukanisa umqhubi ngaphandle”;
Izendlalelo zokufakwa kwekhebula ezisebenza ngamandla aphezulu zijiyile kakhulu (ikhebula elingu-6 kV ~10 mm, 110 kV kufika ku-20 mm) futhi kumele zidlule ezivivinyweni eziqinile ezifana nokuthi “i-voltage yokumelana nemvamisa yamandla” kanye “ne-voltage yokumelana nombani.” Okubaluleke kakhulu, izintambo ezisebenza ngamandla aphezulu zengeza amateyipu okuvimba amanzi kanye nezendlalelo ezihambisa amanzi kancane ngaphakathi kwe-insulation:
Itheyiphu yokuvimba amanzi: Ivimbela ukungena kwamanzi (umswakama ngaphansi kwamandla aphezulu ungabangela "ukubola kwamanzi," okuholela ekuqhekekeni kokufakwa kokushisa);
Isendlalelo esihambisa ugesi kancane: Siqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwensimu kagesi okufanayo (kuvimbela ukugcwala kwensimu yendawo, okungase kubangele ukukhishwa).
Idatha: Isendlalelo sokufaka ugesi sibiza u-40%-50% wezindleko zekhebula le-voltage ephezulu (u-15%-20% kuphela we-voltage ephansi), okuyisizathu esikhulu esenza ukuthi izintambo ze-voltage ephezulu zibize kakhulu.
(3) Isivikelo kanye Nomgobo Wensimbi: “Isivikelo Sokulwa Nokuphazamiseka” Kwezintambo Ezinamandla Aphezulu
Izintambo ezisebenzisa ugesi ophansi ngokuvamile azinazo izingqimba zokuvikela (ngaphandle kwezintambo zesignali), kanti amajakethi angaphandle ikakhulukazi i-PVC noma i-polyethylene;
Izintambo zikagesi ophezulu (ikakhulukazi ≥6 kV) kumele zibe nesivikelo sensimbi (isb.,iteyipu yethusi, ukuluka kwethusi) kanye nezigqoko zensimbi (isb., isigqoko se-lead, isigqoko se-aluminium esine-corrugated):
Ukuvikela ngensimbi: Kuvimbela insimu ye-voltage ephezulu ngaphakathi kwengqimba yokushisa, kunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI), futhi kuhlinzeka ngendlela yamandla kagesi angalungile;
Isivikelo sensimbi: Sithuthukisa amandla omshini (ukumelana nokucindezelwa nokuchotshozwa) futhi sisebenza “njengesivikelo sokumisa phansi,” sinciphisa kakhulu ukuqina kwensimu yokuvikela.
(4) Ijazi Langaphandle: Eliqinile Kakhulu Ngezintambo Ezinamandla Aphezulu
Amajakethi ekhebula anamandla aphansi avikela kakhulu ekugugeni nasekugqwaleni;
Amajakethi ekhebula ane-voltage ephezulu kumele futhi amelane namafutha, ukubanda, i-ozone, njll. (isb., izithasiselo ze-PVC + ezimelana nesimo sezulu). Izicelo ezikhethekile (isb., izintambo zasemanzini) zingadinga nokuvikelwa kwensimbi (ukumelana nokucindezela kwamanzi kanye nokucindezeleka kokudonsa).
2. “Izingibe” Ezi-3 Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzigweme Lapho Ukhetha Amakhebula
Ngemva kokuqonda umehluko wesakhiwo, kufanele futhi ugweme lezi "zingibe ezifihliwe" ngesikhathi sokukhetha; ngaphandle kwalokho, izindleko zingase zikhuphuke, noma kungase kwenzeke izehlakalo zokuphepha.
(1) Ukuphishekela “Izinga Eliphezulu” noma “Intengo Eshibhile” Ngokungacabangi
Umbono Oyiphutha: Abanye bacabanga ukuthi “ukusebenzisa izintambo ezinamandla aphezulu esikhundleni sezintambo ezinamandla aphansi kuphephile,” noma basebenzisa izintambo ezinamandla aphansi ukuze bonge imali.
Ingozi: Izintambo zikagesi ophezulu zibiza kakhulu; ukukhetha okungadingekile kukagesi ophezulu kwandisa isabelomali. Ukusebenzisa izintambo zikagesi omncane ezimweni zikagesi ophezulu kungalimaza ukufudumala ngokushesha, kubangele ama-short circuits, imililo, noma kubeke abasebenzi engozini.
Indlela Efanele: Khetha ngokusekelwe ezingeni langempela le-voltage kanye nezidingo zamandla, isib. ugesi wasekhaya (220V/380V) usebenzisa izintambo ezisebenzisa i-voltage ephansi, ama-motor e-industrial high-voltage (10 kV) kumele afane nezintambo ezisebenzisa i-voltage ephezulu — ungalokothi “wehlise” noma “uthuthukise” ngokungaboni.
(2) Ukunganaki "Umonakalo Ofihliwe" Ovela Emvelweni
Umbono Oyiphutha: Cabanga kuphela nge-voltage, unganaki indawo ezungezile, isib., ukusebenzisa izintambo ezivamile ezimweni ezinomswakama, ezishisa kakhulu, noma ezingcolisa amakhemikhali.
Ingozi: Izintambo ezinamandla aphezulu ezindaweni ezinomswakama ezinezivikelo noma amajakethi alimele zingase zibhekane nokuguga komswakama wokushisa; izintambo ezinamandla aphansi ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu (isb., amakamelo okubhoyila) zingathamba futhi zingasebenzi.
Indlela Efanele: Cacisa izimo zokufaka — izintambo ezivikelwe zokufakwa okugqitshwe, izintambo ezivikelwe ezingangeni manzi zangaphansi kwamanzi, izinto ezisezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu (XLPE ≥90℃) zezindawo ezishisayo, amajakethi amelana nokugqwala ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali.
(3) Ukunganaki Ukuqhathaniswa "Kwendlela Yokuthwala Yamanje kanye Nendlela Yokubeka"
Umbono oyiphutha: Gxila kuphela ezingeni likagesi, unganaki umthamo wamanje wekhebula (umthamo wamanje ovumelekile ophezulu) noma ucindezele/ugobe ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokufakwa.
Ingozi: Umthamo wamanje onganele ubangela ukushisa ngokweqile futhi kusheshise ukuguga kokufakwa kokushisa; irediyasi yokugoba engafanele yezintambo ezinamandla aphezulu (isb., ukudonsa kanzima, ukugoba ngokweqile) kungalimaza ukuvikela nokufakwa kokushisa, kudale izingozi zokuphuka.
Indlela Efanele: Khetha imininingwane yekhebula ngokusekelwe kumandla angempela abaliwe (cabanga ngogesi wokuqala, izinga lokushisa elizungezile); landela ngokuqinile izidingo zerediyasi yokugoba ngesikhathi sokufakwa (irediyasi yokugoba yekhebula ene-voltage ephezulu ngokuvamile i-≥15× ububanzi bangaphandle bomqhubi), gwema ukucindezelwa kanye nokuvezwa elangeni.
3. Khumbula “Imithetho Yegolide” Emithathu Yokugwema Izingibe Zokukhetha
(1) Hlola Isakhiwo Esimelene Ne-Voltage:
Ukufakwa kwekhebula elinamandla aphezulu kanye nezendlalelo zokuvikela kuyizinto ezibalulekile; izintambo ezinamandla aphansi azidingi ukwakheka ngokweqile.
(2) Qondanisa Amabanga Ngokufanele:
I-voltage, amandla, kanye nendawo okuyo kumele kuhambisane; ungathuthukisi noma wehlise izinga ngokungenanjongo.
(3) Qinisekisa Imininingwane Ngokumelene Nezindinganiso:
Umthamo wokuthwala ugesi, irediyasi yokugoba, kanye nezinga lokuvikela kumele kulandele amazinga kazwelonke — ungathembeli kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-29-2025