1 Isingeniso
Njengoba kuthuthukiswe ngokushesha ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana eminyakeni eyishumi edlule noma ngaphezulu, insimu yokusetshenziswa kwezintambo ze-fibre optic ibilokhu ikhula. Njengoba izidingo zemvelo zezintambo ze-fibre optic ziqhubeka nokukhula, nezidingo zekhwalithi yezinto ezisetshenziswa ezintanjeni ze-fibre optic ziyanda. Itheyiphu yokuvimba amanzi yekhebula le-fibre optic iyinto evamile yokuvimba amanzi esetshenziswa embonini yekhebula le-fibre optic, indima yokuvala, ukuvimbela amanzi, umswakama kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-buffer kukhebula le-fibre optic iye yaqashelwa kabanzi, futhi izinhlobo zayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo kuye kwathuthukiswa njalo futhi kwaqedwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwekhebula le-fibre optic. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isakhiwo "somnyombo owomile" safakwa kukhebula le-optical. Lolu hlobo lwezinto zokuvimbela amanzi zekhebula ngokuvamile luyinhlanganisela yetheyiphu, uboya noma uqweqwe ukuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angene ngaphakathi kwentambo. Ngokwamukelwa okwandayo kwezintambo ze-fibre optic ezomile, izinto zekhebula le-fibre optic ezomile zithatha indawo ngokushesha izinto zokugcwalisa ikhebula ezisekelwe ku-petroleum jelly. Izinto ze-core ezomile zisebenzisa i-polymer emunca amanzi ngokushesha ukuze yakhe i-hydrogel, evuvukisa futhi igcwalise iziteshi zokungena kwamanzi zekhebula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izinto eziyinhloko ezomile zingenawo amafutha anamathelayo, azikho izisuli, izinyibilikisi noma izihlanzi ezidingekayo ukulungiselela ikhebula ukuze lixhunywe, futhi isikhathi sokuxhunywa kwekhebula sincishisiwe kakhulu. Isisindo esincane sekhebula kanye nokunamathela okuhle phakathi kocingo lwangaphandle lokuqinisa kanye ne-sheath akuncishisiwe, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo.
2 Umthelela wamanzi kukhebula kanye nendlela yokumelana namanzi
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene zokuvimba amanzi ukuthi amanzi angena kukhebula azobola abe yi-hydrogen kanye ne-O2H-ions, okuzokwandisa ukulahlekelwa kokudluliselwa kwe-optical fibre, kunciphise ukusebenza kwentambo futhi kufinyeze impilo yentambo. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuvimba amanzi ukugcwalisa nge-petroleum paste kanye nokufaka i-water-blocking tape, egcwaliswa esikhaleni esiphakathi kwe-cable core kanye ne-sheath ukuvimbela amanzi nomswakama ukuthi kungasabalali ngokuqondile, ngaleyo ndlela kudlala indima ekuvimbeleni amanzi.
Uma ama-resin okwenziwa esetshenziswa ngobuningi obukhulu njengezivikeli ezintanjeni ze-fibre optic (okokuqala ezintanjeni), lezi zinto zokuvimbela nazo azikwazi ukungena emanzini. Ukwakheka "kwezihlahla zamanzi" ezintweni zokuvimbela yisona sizathu esiyinhloko somthelela ekusebenzeni kokudlulisela. Indlela izinto zokuvimbela ezithintwa ngayo yizihlahla zamanzi ivame ukuchazwa kanje: ngenxa yensimu kagesi enamandla (omunye umbono ukuthi izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-resin zishintshwa ukukhishwa okubuthakathaka kakhulu kwama-electron asheshayo), ama-molecule amanzi angena ngezinombolo ezahlukene zama-micro-pores akhona ezintweni zokuvimba zekhebula le-fibre optic. Ama-molecule amanzi azongena ngenani elihlukile lama-micro-pores ezintweni zokuvimba ikhebula, akha "izihlahla zamanzi", kancane kancane aqongelela inani elikhulu lamanzi futhi asakazeke ohlangothini olude lwekhebula, futhi athinte ukusebenza kwekhebula. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo nokuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, maphakathi nawo-1980, ukuthola indlela yokuqeda indlela engcono kakhulu yokukhiqiza izihlahla zamanzi, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwekhebula okugoqwe ungqimba lokumuncwa kwamanzi nokwandiswa kwesithiyo samanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe futhi kuncishiswe ukukhula kwezihlahla zamanzi, kuvinjwe amanzi ekhebula ngaphakathi kokusabalala okude; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yomonakalo wangaphandle kanye nokungena kwamanzi, isithiyo samanzi singavimba amanzi ngokushesha, hhayi ekusabalaleni okude kwekhebula.
3 Ukubuka konke kwesithiyo samanzi sekhebula
3. 1 Ukuhlukaniswa kwezithiyo zamanzi zekhebula le-fibre optic
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa izithiyo zamanzi zekhebula le-optical, ezingahlukaniswa ngokwesakhiwo sazo, ikhwalithi kanye nobukhulu bazo. Ngokuvamile, zingahlukaniswa ngokwesakhiwo sazo: i-waterstop enezinhlangothi ezimbili enama-laminated, i-waterstop enezinhlangothi ezimbili enama-laminated kanye ne-waterstop enefilimu ehlanganisiwe. Umsebenzi wokuvimbela amanzi we-waterbair ubangelwa kakhulu yizinto ezimunca amanzi amaningi (ezibizwa ngokuthi i-waterbair), ezingavuvukala ngokushesha ngemva kokuba i-waterbair ihlangane namanzi, zakha ivolumu enkulu yejeli (i-waterbair ingamunca amanzi amaningi ngokuphindwe kangamakhulu kunayo), ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukukhula kwesihlahla samanzi futhi ivimbele ukungena okuqhubekayo nokusabalala kwamanzi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-polysaccharide emvelo namakhemikhali aguquliwe.
Nakuba lezi zithiyo zamanzi zemvelo noma ezingezona zemvelo zinezakhiwo ezinhle, zinezinkinga ezimbili ezibulalayo:
1) ziyabola futhi 2) ziyavutha kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza zingabi nokwenzeka ukuthi zisetshenziswe ezintweni zekhebula le-fibre optic. Olunye uhlobo lwezinto zokwenziwa ezimelana namanzi zimelelwa ama-polyacrylates, angasetshenziswa njengezimelana namanzi ezikhebula ze-optical ngoba ahlangabezana nezidingo ezilandelayo: 1) uma zomile, zingamelana nokucindezeleka okubangelwa ukukhiqizwa kwezintambo ze-optical;
2) uma zomile, zingamelana nezimo zokusebenza kwezintambo ze-optical (ukujikeleza kokushisa kusuka ekushiseni kwegumbi kuya ku-90 °C) ngaphandle kokuthinta impilo yekhebula, futhi zingamelana nokushisa okuphezulu isikhathi esifushane;
3) uma amanzi engena, angavuvukala ngokushesha futhi akhe ijeli ngesivinini sokukhula.
4) khiqiza ijeli elinobuthi kakhulu, ngisho noma amazinga okushisa aphezulu, ubuthi bejeli buhlala isikhathi eside.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto zokuxosha amanzi kungahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezindlela zamakhemikhali zendabuko - indlela yesigaba esibuyiselwe emuva (indlela yokuhlanganisa amanzi ku-oyili), indlela yazo yokuhlanganisa amanzi - indlela yediski, indlela yokukhanyisa - indlela ye-γ-ray "cobalt 60". Indlela yokuhlanganisa amanzi isekelwe endleleni yokuhlanganisa amanzi "cobalt 60". Izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlanganisa zinamazinga ahlukene okuhlanganisa amanzi kanye nokuhlanganisa amanzi ngakho-ke izidingo eziqinile kakhulu ze-ejenti yokuvimba amanzi edingekayo kumatheyipu okuvimba amanzi. Zimbalwa kakhulu i-polyacrylates ezingahlangabezana nezidingo ezine ezingenhla, ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo, izinto zokuvimba amanzi (ama-resins amunca amanzi) azikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zengxenye eyodwa ye-polyacrylate ye-sodium exhunywe ku-cross-linked, kumele zisetshenziswe endleleni yokuhlanganisa amanzi nge-multi-polymer (okungukuthi izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zengxube ye-sodium polyacrylate exhunywe ku-cross-linked) ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuphindaphinda kwamanzi okusheshayo nokuphezulu. Izidingo eziyisisekelo yilezi: ukumuncwa kwamanzi okuningi kungafinyelela izikhathi ezingaba ngu-400, izinga lokumuncwa kwamanzi lingafinyelela umzuzu wokuqala ukuze limuncwe u-75% wamanzi amuncwa ukumelana namanzi; izidingo zokuzinza kokushisa kokumelana namanzi: ukumelana nokushisa kwesikhathi eside okungu-90°C, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza eliphakeme elingu-160°C, ukumelana nokushisa okusheshayo okungu-230°C (okubaluleke kakhulu kwikhebula elihlanganisiwe le-photoelectric elinezibonakaliso zikagesi); ukumuncwa kwamanzi ngemva kokwakheka kwezidingo zokuzinza kwejeli: ngemva kwemijikelezo eminingana yokushisa (20°C ~ 95°C) Ukuzinza kwejeli ngemva kokumuncwa kwamanzi kudinga: ijeli ene-viscosity ephezulu kanye namandla ejeli ngemva kwemijikelezo eminingana yokushisa (20°C kuya ku-95°C). Ukuzinza kwejeli kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngendlela yokwenziwa kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa umenzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hhayi ngokushesha izinga lokunwebeka, kungcono, eminye imikhiqizo iphishekela isivinini ohlangothini olulodwa, ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo akuhambisani nokuzinza kwe-hydrogel, ukubhujiswa kwamandla okugcina amanzi, kodwa hhayi ukufeza umphumela wokumelana namanzi.
3. Izici ezi-3 zetheyiphu yokuvimba amanzi Njengoba ikhebula lisebenza ekukhiqizeni, ekuhlolweni, ekuthuthweni, ekugcinweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwenqubo yokubekezelela ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, ngakho-ke ngokombono wokusetshenziswa kwekhebula le-optical, izidingo zetheyiphu yokuvimba amanzi yekhebula zimi kanje:
1) ukubukeka kokusatshalaliswa kwefayibha, izinto ezihlanganisiwe ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa kanye nempuphu, enamandla athile okusebenza, afanele izidingo zekhebula;
2) ikhwalithi efanayo, ephindaphindwayo, ezinzile, ekwakhekeni kwekhebula ngeke ihlukaniswe futhi ikhiqize
3) ingcindezi ephezulu yokukhulisa, isivinini sokukhulisa esisheshayo, ukuzinza okuhle kwejeli;
4) ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa, okufanelekela ukucutshungulwa okuhlukahlukene okulandelayo;
5) ukuzinza okuphezulu kwamakhemikhali, akuqukethe noma yiziphi izingxenye ezibolayo, ukumelana namagciwane kanye nokuguguleka kwesikhunta;
6) ukuhambisana okuhle nezinye izinto zekhebula le-optical, ukumelana ne-oxidation, njll.
Izindinganiso zokusebenza kwesithiyo samanzi sekhebula le-Optical 4
Imiphumela eminingi yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi ukumelana namanzi okungafaneleki ekuzinzeni kwesikhathi eside kokusebenza kokudlulisa ikhebula kuzodala umonakalo omkhulu. Lo monakalo, enqubweni yokukhiqiza kanye nokuhlolwa kwefektri kwekhebula le-optical fiber kunzima ukuyithola, kodwa uzovela kancane kancane enkambisweni yokubeka ikhebula ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esifanele kwezindinganiso zokuhlola eziphelele nezinembile, ukuthola isisekelo sokuhlolwa kwabo bonke abathintekayo, sekuyinto ephuthumayo. Ucwaningo olubanzi lombhali, ukuhlola kanye nokuhlolwa kwamabhande okuvimba amanzi kunikeze isisekelo sobuchwepheshe esanele sokuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zamabhande okuvimba amanzi. Nquma imingcele yokusebenza yenani lokuvimbela amanzi ngokusekelwe kulokhu okulandelayo:
1) izidingo zendinganiso yekhebula le-optical ye-waterstop (ikakhulukazi izidingo zezinto zekhebula le-optical ezindinganisweni zekhebula le-optical);
2) ulwazi ekukhiqizeni nasekusebenziseni izithiyo zamanzi kanye nemibiko yokuhlola efanele;
3) imiphumela yocwaningo ngethonya lezici zamateyipu okuvimba amanzi ekusebenzeni kwezintambo ze-optical fibre.
4. 1 Ukubukeka
Ukubonakala kwetheyiphu yokuvimbela amanzi kufanele kube yimicu esakazeke ngokulinganayo; ubuso kufanele bube yisicaba futhi bungabi nemibimbi, imibimbi kanye nokudabuka; akufanele kube nokuhlukana ebubanzini betheyiphu; izinto ezihlanganisiwe kufanele zingabi nokuqhekeka; itheyiphu kufanele iboshwe ngokuqinile futhi imiphetho yetheyiphu ephethwe ngesandla kufanele ingabi “nesimo sesigqoko sotshani”.
4.2 Amandla okusebenza kwe-waterstop
Amandla okudonsa amanzi ancike endleleni yokukhiqiza itheyiphu engalukiwe ye-polyester, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokulinganisa, indlela ye-viscose ingcono kunendlela egoqekile yokukhiqiza amandla okudonsa umkhiqizo, ukujiya nakho kuncane. Amandla okudonsa amanzi etheyiphu yokuvimbela amanzi ayahlukahluka kuye ngendlela ikhebula eligoqeke ngayo noma eligoqeke ngayo ikhebula.
Lokhu kuyinkomba ebalulekile yamabhande amabili okuvimba amanzi, lapho indlela yokuhlola kufanele ihlanganiswe nedivayisi, uketshezi kanye nenqubo yokuhlola. Izinto eziyinhloko zokuvimba amanzi kutheyiphu yokuvimba amanzi yi-sodium polyacrylate exhunywe ngokwengxenye kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo, ezizwela ukwakheka kanye nohlobo lwezidingo zekhwalithi yamanzi, ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinga lokuphakama kokuvuvukala kwetheyiphu yokuvimba amanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kuzonqoba (amanzi acwengekile asetshenziswa ekuxazululeni), ngoba ayikho ingxenye ye-anionic kanye ne-cationic emanzini acwengekile, okuyiwona amanzi ahlanzekile ngokuyisisekelo. I-multiplier yokumunca ye-resin yokumunca amanzi ezimfanelweni ezahlukene zamanzi iyahlukahluka kakhulu, uma i-multiplier yokumunca emanzini ahlanzekile ingu-100% wenani elijwayelekile; emanzini ompompi ingu-40% kuya ku-60% (kuye ngekhwalithi yamanzi yendawo ngayinye); emanzini olwandle ingu-12%; amanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma amanzi e-gutter ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kunzima ukunquma iphesenti lokumunca, futhi inani lawo lizoba liphansi kakhulu. Ukuqinisekisa umphumela wokuvimbela amanzi kanye nokuphila kwekhebula, kungcono ukusebenzisa iteyipu yokuvimbela amanzi enokuphakama okuvuvukalayo okungu-> 10mm.
4.3 Izakhiwo zikagesi
Ngokuvamile, ikhebula le-optical alinawo amasignali kagesi entambo yensimbi, ngakho-ke ungabandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kwetheyiphu yamanzi yokumelana ne-semi-conducting, ama-Wang Qiang angu-33 kuphela, njll.: itheyiphu yokumelana namanzi yekhebula le-optical
Ikhebula likagesi elihlanganisiwe ngaphambi kokuba khona kwezimpawu zikagesi, izidingo ezithile ngokuya ngesakhiwo sekhebula ngenkontileka.
4.4 Ukuqina Kokushisa Izinhlobo eziningi zamatheyipu okuvimba amanzi zingahlangabezana nezidingo zokuqina kokushisa: ukumelana nokushisa kwesikhathi eside okungu-90°C, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza eliphakeme elingu-160°C, ukumelana nokushisa okusheshayo okungu-230°C. Ukusebenza kwetheyipu yokuvimba amanzi akufanele kushintshe ngemva kwesikhathi esithile kulawa mazinga okushisa.
Amandla ejeli kufanele abe yisici esibaluleke kakhulu sento engaphakathi, kuyilapho izinga lokunwebeka lisetshenziswa kuphela ukukhawulela ubude bokungena kwamanzi kokuqala (ngaphansi kwe-1 m). Into enhle yokunwebeka kufanele ibe nezinga lokunwebeka elifanele kanye ne-viscosity ephezulu. Into engemihle yokunwebeka kwamanzi, ngisho noma inezinga lokunwebeka eliphezulu kanye ne-viscosity ephansi, izoba nezimpawu zokunwebeka kwamanzi ezimbi. Lokhu kungahlolwa uma kuqhathaniswa nemijikelezo eminingi yokushisa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-hydrolytic, ijeli izoqhekeka ibe uketshezi olune-viscosity ephansi oluzolimaza ikhwalithi yalo. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuxubha ukumiswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile okuqukethe i-powder yokuvuvukala amahora ama-2. Ijeli ephumayo ihlukaniswa namanzi angaphezulu bese ifakwa ku-viscometer ejikelezayo ukuze kulinganiswe i-viscosity ngaphambi nangemva kwamahora angama-24 ku-95°C. Umehluko ekuzinzeni kwejeli ungabonakala. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngemijikelezo yamahora angu-8 kusukela ku-20°C kuya ku-95°C kanye namahora angu-8 kusukela ku-95°C kuya ku-20°C. Izindinganiso ezifanele zaseJalimane zidinga imijikelezo engu-126 yamahora angu-8.
4. 5 Ukuhambisana Ukuhambisana kwesithiyo samanzi kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu maqondana nokuphila kwekhebula le-fibre optic ngakho-ke kufanele kucatshangelwe maqondana nezinto zekhebula le-fibre optic ezihilelekile kuze kube manje. Njengoba ukuhambisana kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuba kubonakale, ukuhlolwa kokuguga okusheshayo kumele kusetshenziswe, okungukuthi isampula yezinto zekhebula ihlanzwe kahle, isongwe ngesendlalelo setheyiphu yokumelana namanzi eyomile bese igcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa elingaguquki ku-100°C izinsuku eziyi-10, ngemva kwalokho ikhwalithi iyalinganiswa. Amandla okudonsa kanye nobude bezinto akufanele kushintshe ngaphezu kuka-20% ngemva kokuhlolwa.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-22-2022