Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezintambo zokukhanya nezikagesi, into ebaluleke kakhulu eholela ekonakaleni kokusebenza wukungena komswakama. Uma amanzi engena ekhebula le-optical, angakhuphula i-fiber attenuation; uma ingena ekhebula likagesi, inganciphisa ukusebenza kwe-insulation yekhebula, okuthinta ukusebenza kwayo. Ngakho-ke, amayunithi okuvimbela amanzi, njengezinto ezingenawo amanzi, aklanyelwe inqubo yokukhiqiza izintambo ze-optical kanye nogesi ukuvimbela umswakama noma ukungena kwamanzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusebenza.
Izinhlobo zomkhiqizo eziyinhloko zezinto ezimunca amanzi zihlanganisa impushana emunca amanzi,itheyiphu yokuvimbela amanzi, intambo yokuvala amanzi, kanye namafutha okuvimbela amanzi ohlobo oluvuvukalayo, njll. Kuye ngesayithi lesicelo, uhlobo olulodwa lwezinto ezivimbela amanzi zingasetshenziswa, noma izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okungangeni kwamanzi kwezintambo.
Ngokusetshenziswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-5G, ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo ezibonakalayo kuya ngokuya kusakazeka, futhi izidingo zazo ziba nzima. Ikakhulukazi ngokwethulwa kwezidingo zokuvikela okuluhlaza kanye nemvelo, izintambo zokukhanya ezomile ngokuphelele ziya ngokuya zithandwa yimakethe. Isici esibalulekile sezintambo zokukhanya ezomile ngokuphelele ukuthi azisebenzisi amafutha okuvimbela amanzi ohlobo lokugcwalisa noma amafutha okuvimbela amanzi ohlobo oluvuvukalayo. Esikhundleni salokho, i-tape yokuvimbela amanzi kanye nemicu yokuvimbela amanzi isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amanzi kuyo yonke ingxenye yentambo.
Ukufakwa kwe-tape yokuvala amanzi ezintanjeni nasezintanjeni ezibonakalayo kuyinto evamile, futhi kunenqwaba yezincwadi zocwaningo ngakho. Kodwa-ke, kunocwaningo oluncane olubikiwe ngentambo evimba amanzi, ikakhulukazi ezintweni zefiber ezivimba amanzi ezinezakhiwo ezimunca kakhulu. Ngenxa yenkokhelo yazo elula ngesikhathi kukhiqizwa izintambo zikagesi kanye nokucubungula okulula, izinto zefayibha ezimunca kakhulu njengamanje ziyizinto ezithandwayo zokuvimba amanzi lapho kwakhiwa izintambo nezintambo ezibonakalayo, ikakhulukazi izintambo zokukhanya ezomile.
Isicelo Ekwenziweni Kwekhebula Lamandla
Ngokuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yaseShayina, isidingo samakhebula kagesi esivela kumaphrojekthi kagesi siyaqhubeka sikhula. Amakhebuli ngokuvamile afakwa ngokungcwatshwa okuqondile, emiseleni yamakhebula, emhubheni, noma ngezindlela ezingaphezulu. Zisendaweni enomswakama ngokungenakugwenywa noma zithintana ngqo namanzi, futhi zingacwiliswa emanzini isikhathi esifushane noma isikhathi eside, okubangela ukuthi amanzi angene kancane kancane phakathi kwekhebula. Ngaphansi kwesenzo senkambu kagesi, izakhiwo ezifana nesihlahla zingakheka kungqimba lwe-conductor's insulation, into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-water treeing. Lapho izihlahla zamanzi zikhula ngezinga elithile, zizoholela ekulimazeni kwe-cable insulation. Izihlahla zamanzi manje sezaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuguga kwamakhebula. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha nokuthembeka kwesistimu yokuphakelwa kwamandla, ukuklanywa kwekhebula nokukhiqiza kufanele kuthathe izakhiwo zokuvimba amanzi noma izinyathelo zokuvimbela amanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhebula linokusebenza okuhle kokuvimbela amanzi.
Izindlela zokungena kwamanzi ezintanjeni ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: ukungena kwe-radial (noma okuphambene) nge-sheath, kanye nokungena kwe-longitudinal (noma i-axial) eduze kwe-conductor ne-cable core. Ukuze kuvinjwe amanzi e-radial (transverse), igobolondo elibanzi elivimba amanzi, njengetheyiphu eyinhlanganisela ye-aluminium-plastic esongwe ngobude bese ikhishwa nge-polyethylene, ivame ukusetshenziswa. Uma ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kwamanzi e-radial kuyadingeka, isakhiwo se-metal sheath siyamukelwa. Kuzintambo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ukuvikelwa kokuvimbela amanzi kugxile kakhulu ekungeneni kwamanzi okude (axial).
Lapho uklama isakhiwo sekhebula, izinyathelo zokungangeni kwamanzi kufanele zicabangele ukumelana namanzi endaweni ye-longitudinal (noma i-axial) ye-conductor, ukumelana kwamanzi ngaphandle kwesendlalelo se-insulation, nokumelana kwamanzi kuso sonke isakhiwo. Indlela evamile yabaqhubi abavimbela amanzi ukugcwalisa izinto zokuvimbela amanzi ngaphakathi nangaphezulu komqhubi. Kuzintambo ezinama-voltage aphezulu ezinama-conductor ahlukaniswe imikhakha, intambo yokuvimbela amanzi inconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe njengento yokuvimbela amanzi phakathi nendawo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Intambo yokuvimbela amanzi ingasetshenziswa futhi ezakhiweni ezigcwele zokuvimbela amanzi. Ngokubeka intambo evimba amanzi noma izintambo ezivimbe amanzi ezilukwe ngentambo evimba amanzi ezikhaleni phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zekhebula, imigudu yamanzi ageleza ngasendleleni ye-axial yentambo ingavinjelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izidingo zokuqina kwamanzi ubude ziyahlangatshezwa. Umdwebo wohlelo lwekhebula elivamile eligcwele lokuvimbela amanzi liboniswa kuMfanekiso 2.
Ezakhiweni zekhebula ezishiwo ngenhla, izinto ze-fiber ezimunca amanzi zisetshenziswa njengeyunithi yokuvimbela amanzi. Lo mshini uncike enanini elikhulu le-resin emunca kakhulu ekhona ebusweni be-fiber material. Lapho ihlangana namanzi, inhlaka inweba ngokushesha iye ku十几 iye ku几十 izikhathi zevolumu yayo yasekuqaleni, yenze isendlalelo esivalekile sokuvimbela amanzi engxenyeni eyisiyingi ye-cable core, ivimbe imigudu yokungena kwamanzi, futhi imise ukusakazeka okuqhubekayo nokunwetshwa kwamanzi noma umhwamuko wamanzi ngasendleleni yobude, ngaleyo ndlela ivikele ngempumelelo ikhebula.
Isicelo ku-Optical Cables
Ukusebenza kokudluliswa kwe-optical, ukusebenza kwemishini, kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo kwezintambo ezibonakalayo kuyizidingo eziyisisekelo kakhulu zesistimu yokuxhumana. Isinyathelo esisodwa sokuqinisekisa impilo yesevisi yekhebuli yokubona ukuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angangeni ku-fiber optical ngesikhathi sokusebenza, okungabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulayo (okungukuthi, ukulahlekelwa yi-hydrogen). Ukungena kwamanzi kuthinta iziqongo zokumunca ukukhanya kwefiber optical ebangeni le-wavelength kusuka ku-1.3μm kuya ku-1.60μm, okuholela ekwenyukeni kokulahleka kwefiber optical. Le bhendi ye-wavelength ihlanganisa iningi lamafasitela okudlulisela asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamanje zokuxhumana optical. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo esingangeni manzi kuba yinto esemqoka ekwakhiweni kwekhebula le-optical.
Umklamo wesakhiwo sokuvimbela amanzi kuzintambo ze-optical uhlukaniswe umklamo wokuvimbela amanzi we-radial kanye nomklamo wokuvimbela amanzi we-longitudinal. Idizayini yokuvimbela amanzi e-radial isebenzisa umgodla obanzi wokuvimbela amanzi, okungukuthi, isakhiwo esine-aluminium-plastic noma i-steel-plastic composite tape esongwe ngobude bese sikhishwa nge-polyethylene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ishubhu elixegayo elenziwe ngezinto ze-polymer njenge-PBT (i-Polybutylene terephthalate) noma insimbi engagqwali yengezwa ngaphandle kwe-optical fiber. Kumklamo wesakhiwo esingenamanzi isikhathi eside, ukusetshenziswa kwezingqimba eziningi zezinto zokuvimbela amanzi kucatshangelwa kuzo zonke izingxenye zesakhiwo. Izinto ezivimba amanzi ngaphakathi kweshubhu elixegayo (noma emiseleni yekhebula lohlobo lwamathambo) liyashintshwa lisuka kugrisi elivala amanzi lokugcwalisa liye kwi-fiber emunca amanzi yeshubhu. Intambo eyodwa noma ezimbili zomucu ovimba amanzi zibekwe ngokuhambisana nesici sokuqinisa umgogodla wekhebula ukuvimbela umhwamuko wamanzi wangaphandle ukuthi ungangeni ngobude eduze kwelungu lamandla. Uma kunesidingo, imicu yokuvimba amanzi ingabuye ibekwe ezikhaleni phakathi kwamashubhu axegayo axegayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi intambo yokubona idlula izivivinyo eziqinile zokungena kwamanzi. Isakhiwo sekhebula le-optical elome ngokuphelele livamise ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-layer stranding, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-28-2025